The most comprehensive collection of technical drawings and detailed descriptions of how some types of UFOs work are to be found in the "Andreasson Affair" books (see bibliography [1]). The extra drawings and descriptions by Betty Andreasson (now Betty Luca) published by her recently have, I feel, especially helped this new branch of research into how these flying craft actually might work, and how they might be replicated in the future.

For those who have seen this webpage before on this website you will notice many new facets in this latest theoretical study of how these particular craft work, there will no doubt be even more discoveries to come as time progresses.

The Andreasson UFO ship

The drawings of the overall shape of the UFO craft published in the first of the Andreasson Affair books were slightly misleading (see fig.1) but as the additional publications of the Andreasson Affair series progressed a greater insight into the craft's shape and indeed it's internal functions could be appreciated, and when Betty Luca's most recent booklets were published by her in 1999, which included detailed drawings of the craft's 'power system' a much more comprehensive understanding of their workings could be gleaned (see fig.2). It will be to those internal functions of the UFO craft's power system and the generation of the magnetic fields it utilizes that this webpage will be dedicated.
 

The lower section of the UFO ship

While the top section of the craft, the section which contains the various medical examination rooms, the human transporting chamber, and the actual control center that the ETs use to operate the craft are very interesting, and are amply described in the various Andreasson books, I consider the lower part of the craft where the electrical energy is generated and manipulated to be even more interesting. In the lower part of the craft are, fundamentally, two co-operating components; one - the large toroidal shaped casing which generates the main magnetic field and two - the rotating assembly of spherical conductors which collapse the main magnetic field and generate a central magnetic field that forces charged particles through the base of the craft at great velocity.

Most of the structures of these craft are made from aluminum or aluminum alloy, sometimes laminated with other materials to aid their conductivity or storage of electric charge, and sometimes formed with a honeycomb structuring for strength and lightness. Also in the Andreasson type of UFO some of the components are formed from a glass/quartz like material so as to take advantage of their intrinsic dielectric or semi-conducting qualities. But, as with all things made by 'aliens' of an advanced scientific wisdom, whatever material they have used appears to have undergone rigorous modification so as to facilitate an enhancement of that material's fundamental attributes, for example; the glass/quartz spheres which rotate in the center of the craft are embedded with metal rods or wires to modify the way electric charge reacts to such material normally; fluids are used for their electromagnetic qualities when circulated through their casings; gases also for their polarizability when circulated through their casings. It's alien engineering but engineering that is not too distant from our own - and the basics of it are certainly understandable in our realms of physics.

The toroid

The largest component of the lower section of the craft is a toroidal casing specifically manufactured so that its cross-section is three-pointed and that all three corners, or edges of the toroid (or arced-toroid), exhibit three different degrees of acuteness - such a structure points to the laws of electrostatics... any volume made up of varying curves and sharp points exhibits a variety of electrical densities at those curves and points when the whole is charged up electrically. This UFO displays such technology in abundance (see fig.3).

Contained inside the toroid is an electrically polarizable fluid that when rotated round the toroid generates a magnetic field that extends far outside the craft - exactly what that fluid is contained inside the toroid is subject to further research, possibly it is a gas in the form of deuterium gas (deuterium can be electrolyzed out of water as a 'heavy hydrogen' gas and separated from the oxygen of water) which can be ionized by passing an electric current through it (see note 1 [2] ). It could be that the toroid holds a liquid as simple as water modified in such a way as to be insulating, but carrying metallic suspensoids so as to generate electrical charges.
Another possibility might be that an electrolytic liquid containing metallic particles could be used, and propelled inside the toroid's insulating walls so as to induce extremely high voltage electrostatic charges, by interface charge separation, laminar charge separation, or triboelectric charging (of the different types of conducting and dielectric substances) within the fluid as it is moved(see note 2 [2]) around the toroid. As the fluid's electric charge builds up the more conductive metallic suspensoids in the insulating fluid would move toward the insides of the sharp-pointed circumferential edges by dielectrophoretic motion to where the field intensity in the liquid would be at its highest (see note 3 [2]) (also see non-uniform electric fields page [3]) and consequently creating potential-difference zones at different places around the toroid (see fig.4).

In all cases the toroid would need to be made of an insulating material, perhaps a metal like aluminum laminated with insulating skins (see note 4 [2]). This would be necessary to prevent electric charge leaking away from the inner fluid through the toroid's casing. Also, if the casing were of an insulating material diffuse layers would form on the outside surfaces of the toroid opposite in polarity to the fluid inside the toroid.

As soon as the fluid generated an electric current, and a magnetic field, there would then follow a Lorentz force reaction in the toroid's fluid which governs how the electrical charges separate from each other and interact with magnetic field lines within that body of fluid, within that particular toroidal shape, which, providing the fluid is moved around the toroid as a clock-wise (from above) flow would ensure that the top section of the toroid's fluid was negatively polarized and the bottom section positively polarized. Furthermore, because of the distinct differences in the degree of arc at the three corners of the toroid's cross-section the electric density (negative) would be highest at the top inner corner of the toroid, while the top outer corner (still negative) would exhibit a slightly lower electric density - charge density being inversely proportional to radius of curvature. The other polarity of electric charge (positive) would concentrate itself inside the sharp-pointed lower inner corner of the toroid , and providing the fluid is in continual motion those polarities would always predominate in these areas. All three corners, of course, denote the whole of their circumferences around this forty-foot diameter toroid and it can be readily seen that by such an arrangement, of densifying of the charges into such small volumes, it represents a high concentration of the available electrical energy generated by the large volume of fluid in the toroid into a relatively small amount of surface area at the toroid's corners.

As mentioned above, electric charges cannot be conducted directly from the charge-accumulating fluid of the toroid, through it's walls and corners, there will however be a capacitive effect which will accumulate charges of an opposite polarity, on the outside surfaces which will correspond to the inner ones in intensity and location. Thus there would be a build-up of positive charge on the top-inner corner of the toroid outside the casing (and a build-up of positive charge on the outside of the top-outer corner), and correspondingly, a build-up of negative charge on the outside of the bottom-inner corner, throughout their circumferences. These diffuse layers of electric charge occur most effectively when the liquid is moving, and the faster the polarized fluid moves inside the toroid the more pronounced will be the separation effect of the electrical ions of the differently moving outside diffuse layers of the toroid.

In this respect the charges that accumulate outside in the space around the lower inner edge of the toroid in its diffuse layer, that encircles the base disc assembly, would be negative. And the charges accumulating around the outside of the whole of the top plane and outer circumference of the toroid would be positive (see fig.5 and 5a). Inside the craft, over the top horizontal plane of the toroid - beneath the base of the dome shell, the induced electrical charges react with the toroid’s magnetic field so as to form a horizontally rotating field of positive ions (see note 5 [2]).

This revolving positive field inside the craft helps create an electric sink for the normal air outside the craft to initiate an inflow, through the craft's circumferential duct, of polarized and neutrally charged air which, as soon as it passes through the aerodynamically-shaped craft's circumferential duct and over the toroid's electrically-charged outer edge, becomes ionized from the effect of sharp-edge ionization (see fig.5). The duct is especially designed to provide an upper curved surface to act as a constrictor of air flow to speed up the air flow (like a venturi) under it to thereby create a low-pressure area inside the duct, and also to move the incoming air directly over the toroid's ionizing sharp edge.

Centrifugal store of electrons

Another factor, which enforces the positive and neutral air particles in the craft's center, is the toroid's pulsing magnetic field. When this magnetic field is momentarily generated it expands far out into the air surrounding the craft, and by Lorentz force, any negatively charged particle in or around the craft will be accelerated into it's moving flux lines into a circulating path around the craft. Electrons will be forced by this field to spiral out from the craft and spin round this magnetic field as an external sheet of permanently excited electric energy.

This Coriolis thrust upon the electrons will also exert on them a centrifugal force increasing their mass by several thousands(see note 6 [2]) as they spin outside the UFO (for a more detailed, and scientific, description of this phenomenon of spiralling electrons out into an external electrical sheet around a UFO see the excellent paper "Magnetic Vortex" by Vencislav Bujic).

Because the toroid generates both an upper and a lower pulsed magnetic field, and that the intensity of one adds to the intensity of the other, the forces upon the outward spiralling electrons will be even greater than having just one oblate spheroid field. This is where the bulk of the UFO craft's energy is stored - it is in the form of accelerated electrons extracted from the craft and from the air surrounding it - and these sheets of energy are held outside of the craft (see fig.7 and 7a) momentarily until the toroid's double magnetic field is made to collapse back into the center of the craft.

Inner magnetic ring

It was difficult to understand the purpose of the inner ring (see fig.8) from the initial descriptions of the UFO that would take Betty Luca (then Andreasson) on her nocturnal visits to an alien world, but from the details she forwarded in books like "The Watchers" by Raymond Fowler and from her own booklets "Extraterrestrial Communications - A Step Beyond Tomorrow" (Pt I & Pt II - 1999) it eventually became clear that inside this ring was a fluid formulated to energize a strong magnetic field. More especially it was used to energize a magnetic field which enlarged and re-routed the main magnetic fields of the toroid which encircled it (see figs.8a to 8c). Briefly, in these cross-section figures it can be seen that the magnetic flux lines of the upper and lower toroid fields run parallel to the horizontal axis of the wheels of the sphere set assemblies, but in the figure 8b it shows that when the ring's magnetic field is energized it pulls the toroid's upper field down below the ring - to ensure that these magnetic flux lines traverse the wheels (and the arms that hold them) perpendicular to the wheel's horizontal axis. What that means and what that does will be covered in the following section on the crystal sphere sets below after a brief description of the sphere sets.

Crystal sphere-sets

The central rotating assembly is made up of four sphere-sets (or three sphere-sets (see fig.9), which will work just as well for the effect they produce is just the same, as will be seen below) held equally spaced in a metallic plate or disc.

 The base disc is formed in such a way as to fit inside the perimeter of the circular inner lower edge of the toroid, so as to be able to rotate freely with the sphere-sets (but to possibly form an electrostatic coupling with the charges on the lower edge of the toroid). This base disc also has a small diameter emission hole, of about six inches, at its center; and it may or may not be advantageous to have this base disc made of a non-magnetic metal - to create eddy currents from the lower magnetic flux lines of the toroid (see note 7 [2]).
Between the small upper sphere and the large lower sphere is a hollow stem made of aluminum or grey metal, smooth-curved, that looks as if it might be made of corrugated aluminum. Extending out from these stems are arms made of hollow aluminum tube which hold on an axle a glass or quartz wheel that is free to rotate (see note 8 [2]). This stem with arms and the two spheres and the wheel (see fig.9a and 9b)

 is what I refer to as the sphere-set, and which Betty Luca describes as 'machines' (in reference to their ability to hover in the air of their own accord when detached from the main body of the UFO, with a mechanism that is probably hidden inside the aluminum stem that, is not wholly relevant to the fundamental function of these sphere-sets and their interaction with the electric fields of the toroid when they remain located inside the craft. This extra ability of the sphere-sets awaits further detailed research if necessary).

The arm and wheel of each of the four, or three, sphere-sets locates the whole central assembly in the toroid's central cavity and the wheels, resting on the inner ring, allow it to turn along the inner concave wall of the toroid so that (all) the sphere-sets attached in the base disc can be rotated about a vertical axis on an even plane - as one assembly.

The construction of the wheels and arms holding them is truly ingenious, and once again the most recent descriptions of them (see fig.9a above) afford a much improved understanding of how they work... for inside the glass/quartz wheels are radial wires or metal rods and when they line up perpendicular to the toroid wall they will form a path of electrical conduction, from the charged spheres through the metal arms to the electrical charges accumulated in the fluid inside the toroid ! That those rods or wires have a specially shaped terminal at their peripheral ends is indicative of a charge-focusing devise, probably needed to concentrate the charge into a narrow beam that will penetrate through the toroid wall to allow conduction to take place. Further, when conduction does take place, and that flow of electrons creates it's own magnetic field around the arms and the wires/rods of the wheel that magnetic field will react against the magnetic flux lines of the upper and lower toroid fields, and by Lorentz force (see fig.10a) (and fig.10b,10c for an alternative configuration) the whole sphere-set will be moved sideways around the inside walls of the toroid !
This is where the magnetic field created by the inner ring comes in; as mentioned above (and in fig.8a to 8c) when the toroid's magnetic flux lines are in their normal position those flux lines run parallel to the arms and the conducting rods inside the wheels - hence no Lorentz force and no sideways movement of the central sphere-set assembly, but when the fluid inside the ring is energized and pulls down the toroid's upper flux lines below it the whole central sphere-set assembly rotates - just like an electric motor !

From the illustrations extracted from Betty Luca's books (of fig.9a and 9b above) and from her descriptions (see fig.11) it can be seen that the ETs took the trouble to look at the basic qualities of an albeit mundane material such as quartz and doctored it so as to achieve the result they required... this is most evident in what they have done with the glass/quartz spheres used in this UFO craft. A glass or quartz sphere treated even as a semi-conducting dielectric will not allow electric charge to permeate into, and accumulate in, the body of the quartz to any great degree - the effect of quartz oscillating electric charge is well known but it won't hold charge and be of any use in this circumstance. But, these large glass or quartz spheres, and possibly the small top spheres also, are specifically constructed with conducting rods or wires embedded into them so that electric charge can conduct into the sphere along the conducting wires/rods to a core zone that can be made to become a positive-polarity 'sink' for pulses of electrons to be drawn to. What the exact configuration of those wires/rods are cannot be determined from the drawings available, but the process of establishing a positive 'sink' are; ie, through dielectric absorption - dielectric absorption is when the dielectric has a current applied to it, to polarize the structure of molecular interfaces of positive and negative charge, but when the applied current is reduced to nothing the positive charge, of the charge carriers, tends to move so slowly that for all intents and purposes they remain stuck, and so when the next 'pulse' of an electric charge comes in it compounds upon the previous unmoved charge, and so on and on, hence the accumulative effect which carries on pumping in more and more charge. (see for example Dielectrics P.J. Harrop (1972) pp71; Electrostatics – And Its Applications A.D.Moore (1973) p122; R.Kohlrausch Ann. Phys. Vol 91 (1854) p56-82, p179-214.). If the metal inserts are of radial configuration then the effect on the negative electric charge might be as a  non-uniform electric field [3] (of inner positive terminal with an outer negative terminal) whereby electrons will continually migrate toward the positive core and accumulate there, with the aid of the metal conductors and the capacitive effect from the surrounding positive dielectric. Possibly this is how large amounts of electrical energy could permeate into them and store until they were discharged wholesale at a given moment. The electrical charging of the lower spheres is, of course, from the negatively ionized diffuse layer at the lower edge of the toroid.

In addition to this electric charge accumulating function of the spheres there is a further mechanism, just by looking at the process of turning the sphere-set assembly (as described above), that allows some of this accumulated electric charge to leak through the sphere-set arms and wheels into the neutral area of the surrounding toroid (see fig.12); for as in an electric circuit the neutral potential is mid-way between the positive voltage and the negative voltage, but in this case a transfer of charge into the neutral area of the toroid would presumably increase the potential difference between the negative and positive areas - and by the capacitive effect make the diffuse layers more energized.

Through the aluminum stems between them the large lower spheres are used to transfer electric energy into the small upper spheres, for, as in electrostatics if two spheres, one large and one small, are inter-connected by a conductive link so that both spheres are at the same potential, then the intensity of charge on the small sphere will be much greater than that of the large sphere (ie density is inversely proportional to radius of curvature).

Another important, and recent, discovery about these upper and lower spheres is they both revolve, about the vertical axis of the stem, presumably to ensure that when electric current is conducted by them that current is spread round the whole circumference of the sphere so as to induce a uniform magnetic field around them. Both spheres rotate at different speeds.

Transverse magnetic field

When the upper small sphere, from it's electrical connection to the charge accumulating lower sphere, saturates with a high enough density of negative electric charge the insulating effect of the air between it and the positive diffuse layer of charges rotating above the toroid inside the craft will breakdown (see note 9 [2]) and all the negative charge accumulated in each of the lower spheres will flow up around the outside surface of the sphere-set stems, over the upper spheres - into the diffuse layer above the toroid (see fig.13).

This achieves two results; one, the flow of electrons along this conductive path will set up a magnetic field around the sphere-sets whose lines of flux will be perpendicular, or transverse, to the main field of the toroid (see fig.14); and two, as a result of this flow into the positive diffuse layer above the toroid it will neutralize that layer and momentarily reverse-polarize (by reverse emf) the fluid flowing inside the toroid - to collapse the toroid's magnetic field that extends outside the craft (see fig.13a).
The full effect of the collapse of the toroid's magnetic field, and its sheet of rotating electrons, will be covered in the next section because to fully appreciate it's effect firstly the transverse field needs to be looked at.

The large bulky shape of the sphere-sets with their large lower sphere is not cumbersome designing, but wholly relevant to how this transverse magnetic field is shaped around them and how this field works.

A conducting sphere-set on its own will have as its magnetic field a series of flux rings around it perpendicular to the stem's axis (perpendicular to the flow of current) (see fig.14a), as the current is flowing upward the flux lines will flow in a clockwise direction around it. But when all four, or three, sphere-sets conduct simultaneously a composite magnetic field establishes itself - and a strange arrangement occurs within that composite magnetic field (see fig.14b), for while the outer flux lines of that transverse field will turn clockwise, the inside flux lines will turn anti-clockwise.

In such an arrangement the inner magnetic field will always be much stronger than the outer because the inner field is confined, whereas the outer is not, especially as this inner field, because of the 'conical' shape of the sphere-sets, is shaped itself into a conical field, more constricted at the bottom than at it's mouth which is at the level of the top spheres (see fig.14c to 14f). As can be seen in figures 14e and 14f the exact same phenomenon occurs whether there are four sphere-sets or three sphere-sets.

Below the craft will be a similar arrangement, the outer part of each lower sphere will conduct the electrons of the toroid's lower negative diffuse layer and consequently induce anti-clockwise flux lines (as viewed from below) while the flux lines inside the paths of conduction will be clockwise (as viewed from below - see fig.14g). The flux lines of both sections of the inner transverse magnetic field circulating above and below the base disc will rotate in the same direction - meaning that any negatively charged particle caught inside the center of the craft will be forced downward (by the Lorentz force) through the central exit vent in the base disc and out below the craft.

Collapsing field

When the toroid's diffuse layers have been discharged, and the fluid inside the toroid reverse-polarized, and it's magnetic field collapses the collapsing field will bring with it the vast store of circulating electrons that it had previously formed outside the craft in the surrounding air back into the craft's center to the very mouth of the inner cone of the newly formed transverse field (see fig.15a). This mass of spinning electrons now compressed and even more excited by a magnetic field which has reversed it's flux direction, decreased in volume, and has greatly increased in flux density will be extremely energetic and accelerated (see note 10 and 11 [2]). For this reason the magnetic field surrounding the spinning electrons will not collapse completely but will hold with the electrons, keeping them together and confined, until they are forced en masse by the Lorentz force down the magnetic core, the inner cone at the center of the sphere-sets, and out through the small exit vent in the middle of the base disc.

Alternating Magnetic fields

After the spinning electrons have been forced out below the craft, and because the transverse magnetic field will collapse when current ceases to flow up through the sphere-sets after the neutralization of the diffuse layers, the fluid in the toroid will once again revert to it's 'normal' polarization and re-create it's magnetic field and also the two oppositely charged diffuse layers above and below it (for no electric charge will have been actually lost from the toroid's fluid - only will it's content have changed polarity momentarily while the toroid's diffuse layers were being neutralized). And so the whole cycle repeats itself all over again, and again...

The two magnetic fields, of the toroid and the transverse, would be made to resonate together - this creates the vector for gravity manipulation. Simple.

Propagated High Frequency Wave Propulsion ( Millimeter Wave Propulsion )  mikrodalga sevk sistemi The above graphic shows a slowed-down version of the events inside the Andreasson type ufo.

What researchers are finding is that some UFOs are sending out an electronic signature of super-high radio-frequency electromagnetic pulses (see the the USAF account of "UFO Encounter One"). The pulses are in the 3 GHz region (the microwave region) of the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength of 10 centimeters. Because the waves are so short and their frequency so high the normal sort of capacitance-inductance oscillator with its conductor / antenna emission systems can't cope and so a different sort of electronics technology is needed to radiate these waves out of the craft and into the air or space around it. There are various methods of doing this with short 'millimeter' waves, one of which is called the transmission line, another is with the parabolic antenna and another is the waveguide. Of these three the best suited system for propagated-electric-field-propulsion is the waveguide, which basically, is a rectangular metal tube whereby at one end the microwave power is pumped in, and at the other end the delivery of those power waves occurs with almost undiminished intensity. The science of waveguides is quite fascinating and is nothing like cable or conductor type electronics, the size and the very shape of a waveguide computes in an entirely different fashion toward the end result. Microwaves though are a very useful range of frequencies; at one particular frequency (3 GHz for atmospheric air) they can then create spin-resonance in the electrons of the atoms of the gases in the surrounding air. Electron spin resonance (ESR) raises the normal-mode 'lower energy' state of the electron up to the higher energy state, the visual effect of which is an emission of light photons of various colours (the subject of which is already covered elsewhere on this website). The use of the waveguide is then divided into two propagation modes: transverse electric mode (TE mode) and transverse magnetic mode (TM mode). Strickly speaking the TM mode would produce a horizontal electric field (see fig. 33a below) which is not what is required here, and this sort of wave needs to be completely contained within a tube of four walls and in the present application metallic side-walls would need to be run from the center to the circumferential duct and so it wouldn't be suitable. What would be most suitable is the transverse electric mode (TE10), where the magnetic field lines are parallel to the a - b (x - y) plane and the electric field lines are upright and orthagonal (in this case) to the upper and lower planes of the radial planar waveguide (see fig. 33e below). In the TE mode the most important conductor walls are the top and bottom planes because they are the ones that will contain the electric field element of the waves, and in fact microwave propagation can occur through an open-sided parallel-plate waveguide because of this factor (there are several advantages to open-sided waveguides and their applications are numerous according to "Open Electromagnetic Waveguides" by T. Rozzi & M. Mongiardo (1997). Microwave 'lenses' of course, are also open-sided). The difference being that with open side walls the waveguide will operate through a broader band of wavelengths rather than within one narrow bandwidth which, for the present set of circumstances, is not a disadvantage because the waves will go through a secondary 'shaping' to the required wavelength and frequency when they exit through the circumferential duct.   Directing the Propulsion If the propagation left the craft's duct through the whole of it's 360º the thrust force would only move the craft straight up (or allow it to come straight down), and so to control the direction of movement the propagation has to be directed by the duct in some way or another. The beauty of a system that utilizes electromagnetic waves in the millimeter range is that those waves can be 'lensed' fairly easily, for just as electromagnetic waves of the light-wave frequency can be focused through glass lenses, so too can millimeter waves be directed through specially constructed 'lenses' made of metal baffles, or with artificial dielectrics (that are formed of a lattice structure), which will change the shape of the wave (see fig. 34). It seems highly likely that Lazar's ufo uses its hull as a form of lens for its wave propagation - see Lazar's Gravity Guide page - so perhaps the Andreasson type does too. At these microwave frequencies the 'optical properties' of the electromagnetic wave can be used to great advantage; and the particularly useful ability of the lens to refract or redirect part of the wave could be used to produce two waves.   Magnetic Trowels The "magnetic trowel" configurations (shown in these graphics for illustrative purposes as three eye-shaped sectors) (see figs. 33b-d below) work by strobing electric power to magnetic flux producing segments situated inside the circumferential duct, so that they form into three (or two, or four, or however-many) trowels of magnetic flux and rotate around the circumference of the craft and are separated by three (or two, or more) nulls of magnetic flux. This is done by having one segment switched off between the trailing edge of one trowel and the leading edge of the next trowel. The purpose of these trowel configurations is to channel the high frequency electromagnetic waves, that are generated in the center (in the accumulator reactor - see UFO Propagation text) through their waveguide-like forms so as to 'shape' the waves into the required frequency and wavelength - very much in the same way that rectangular metal waveguides are used to shape microwaves. As can be seen in the accompanying diagrams (see figs. 33a) the radial planar waveguide appears to be about 12 cm high, which within a conventional rectangular waveguide would equate to a 625 MHz to 1 GHz frequency wave, but it is quite apparent that at the point where the waves actually exit the craft, at the space between the circumferential rim and the outer edge of the toroid, the height of the duct possibly comes down to between 6 and 2 cm, and this size of waveguide would then relate to a 2 to 4 GHz micro-wave-region frequency... (If indeed there is any gap at all - for energy in the microwave frequency range can be made to pass THROUGH the craft's skin by using artificial dielectric metal. The idea of making these artificial or metallic dielectrics was first announced in 1946, see "Metal-Lens Antennas" by W. E. Kock in Proc. IRE (Nov 1946) vol 34 p828-836; "Path-Length Microwave Lenses" by W. E. Kock in Proc. IRE (Aug 1949) vol 37 p852-855; and "Metallic Delay Lens" by W. E. Kock in Bell System Tech J. (Jan 1948) vol 27 p58-82. Also see "Antennas" by John D. Kraus (1988) ch.14 Lens Antennas p661-691. In this way a ufo craft would have what looked like a smooth unbroken surface, with no seams or joints, but still have the ability to radiate a series of energy waves)... The strobing of the magnetic trowels can be configured to rotate clockwise or counter-clockwise, or they can be made non-rotating. Additionally, the nulls or 'gratings' through which the electromagnetic waves are propagated can be spaced much closer together to within a few wavelengths of each other to facilitate an in-line dual radiation of electromagnetic pulses (as per Mike Competillo's Radio Wave Controlled Electric Field Drive System page). For current research suggests that the most efficient configuration is two power sources (of slightly different frequency), spaced a few wavelengths apart, so that the patterns of constructive and destructive interference work collectively to produce an electric field directional propulsion.

UFO Propagation - by Paul E Potter The prime examples of this technology are the aerodiscs detailed in the Andreasson Affair books (see fig.1). The main branches of physics involved are;

MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS FLUID DYNAMICS ELECTROCHEMISTRY VORTICAL IMPLOSION ELECTROKINETICS PLASMA PROPULSION PHYSICS

These aerodiscs are composed of three parts; top half interior, top half metallic shell (which acts as both a positive electrode and a capacitor), and the bottom half (which is a very effective asymmetric generator that propagates electromagnetic energy)(see fig.2). Aircraft such as those described by Bob Lazar and other experiencers will also be mentioned in a separate page (see Electrokinetic UFO page). In the hollow toroid an electrolytic fluid containing metallic particles is propelled, inside its insulating walls, in a clockwise rotation so as to induce extremely high voltage electrostatic charges (see fig.3). This is by interface charge separation, laminar charge separation, and triboelectric charging (of the different types of conducting and dielectric substances) within the fluid as it is moved (see note 1). As the high intensity charges build up the more conductive metallic suspensoids in the insulating fluid move toward the inside of the sharp-pointed circumferential edges (by dielectrophoretic motion to where the field intensity in the liquid is at its highest) (see note 2) (also see Non-uniform Electric Fields page). The fluid’s composition should be such that it will create a polarized electric field; is insulating (so as to prevent current leakage between electric poles), and that it creates a magnetic field perpendicular to the flow of the fluid. Movement of the liquid can be produced in several ways; one of which involves a TT Brown concept using a simple rod as one electrode submerged in the liquid surrounded by a hollow conical electrode, and using the reaction of the fluid in the resultant non-uniform electric field (see his US patents 3,267,860 and 3,196,296). Present research into the electro-kinetic effects produced when an insulating fluid is subjected to an electric field is called electrohydrodynamics, and as an effect has been around a long time; indeed, Michael Faraday made note of it as a ‘violent motion’ back in the 1830’s. Set up within and around the toroid is a reaction known as the Lorentz Force which intrinsically governs how the accumulating charges and magnetic field lines interact with each other  (see figs.4 & 4a). Because of this interaction of forces the electric charges generated by the movement of the fluid inside the insulated structure polarize, and one pole (negative) will situate itself about the top half of the toroid, concentrating mainly inside the top inner edge and inside the top outer edge (see Electrolytic Flow page). The other polarity of electric charge (positive) will concentrate itself inside the sharp-pointed lower inner edge of the toroid (or arced-toroid see note 3a). All three edges, of course, denote the whole of their circumferences (which, for a forty foot diameter toroid, is a large capacity). Toroid's Structure For the toroid and the upper shell of the ufo some metals used in their construction are similar to the metals found on earth, but the structuring process that the metals have gone through is wholly unconventional and involves some sort of electrical orientation of its molecules to enhance a 'directional' conductivity. The late Colonel Philip J. Corso (in his book "The Day After Roswell") alluded to US Army R&D research into the ET Tech of molecular alignment of metallic alloys. As did the scientific lab tests performed on the Roswell metals delivered to Art Bell (who used to host the US radio talk show Dreamland) in that they have 60 times more pos ion content ("Glimpses of Other Realities - Vol 2" Linda M. Howe p19) (see note 3). While electric charges cannot be conducted from the charge-accumulating fluid directly through the toroid walls and edges there will be a capacitive effect which will accumulate charges of an opposite polarity, on the outside surfaces which will correspond to the inner ones in intensity and location. This ‘diffuse layer’, as its called, of electric charge, occurs most effectively when the liquid is moving, and the faster the liquid moves the more  pronounced will be the separation effect of its electric ions from the ions in the differently moving diffuse layer outside (see note 4). With this same respect the charges that accumulate outside in the space around the lower INNER edge of the toroid in its diffuse layer, that encircles the base disc assembly would be NEGATIVE. And the charges accumulating around the outside of the whole of the OUTER circumference of the toroid would be POSITIVE. So, below the craft there are two concentric donut-rings of electrical energy – inner negative, outer positive – separated by a neutral field of insulating air. While the process of charge accumulation continues inside the craft these two donut-rings or ‘dipolar electrodes’ get stronger and stronger, building up between them electrostatic field lines and a potential magnetic field around those lines (but more about these energy rings in the Wave Propagation section below) (see note 5). Inside the craft, over the top horizontal plane of the toroid, which also forms the lower face of the radial planar guide, the induced electrical charges react with the toroid’s magnetic field so as to form a horizontally rotating field of polarized (positive) ions. This revolving positive field reacts with the normal air outside the craft to initiate an inflowing of polarized and neutrally charged air which, as soon as it passes through the craft’s circumferential duct and over the toroid’s electrically-charged outer edge, becomes positively ionized from the effect of sharp-edge ionization  (see figs.6 & 7). Also, it should be noted, that as the inflowing air passes through the duct its specially designed curved surface acts as a constrictor to speed up the air flow (as per aerofoil dynamics) – thereby creating a low-pressure area inside the duct. As will be seen below this is but one of various mechanisms to create a low pressure area so as to pull large amounts of air into the center. This increase in the circumferential duct’s peripheral potential correspondingly increases the oppositely-charged potential of the fluid on the inside of the toroid (by way of the capacitive effect).  As can be seen from the illustrations (see figs.6 & 7) the top surface of the radial planar guide is also the base and floor (or main deck) of the upper ‘operations’ section of the craft, and would be made of laminated metal that shields the upper section from the electrostatic fields (by Faraday Effect) and to some degree the electromagnetic fields generated by the toroid below. When the magnetic fields begin to resonate the flux lines will create electrical eddy currents over the under-face of the floor surface, so that a skin of charged particles will circulate around the surface (in conjunction with the other circulating fields). The base can be capacitively coupled (or directly coupled) to the upper outside dome-shell of the craft so as to enable the metallic dome to acquire an outside positive charge  (see fig.5). The dome itself can be made to store a tremendous amount of electrical energy, over it's whole surface area, if it is structured as a capacitor (ie laminated with very thin layers of insulating/dielectric material – the thinner the more enhanced will be the capacitive effect – in between various layers of conducting materials) (see note 6). Bi-Polar Sphere-Sets The central rotating assembly is made up of four bi-polar sphere-sets held equally spaced in a metallic plate or disc. The disc is formed in such a way as to fit inside the perimeter of the inner lower edge of the toroid, so as to be able to rotate freely with the sphere-sets, but to also form an electrostatic coupling (and when appropriate an electrokinetic coupling - see fig.11) with the charges on the lower edge of the toroid. This base disc also has a small diameter emission hole at its center. The small and large spheres are specifically constructed so as to accumulate large amounts of electric energy (see fig.8). They can, for this purpose, be made from dielectric* glass doped with paramagnetic particles (or diamagnetic quartz structured with different mass particles or sections). These are spherical and smooth-surfaced to prevent stray leakage of their accumulated charges (the ratio of size of which corresponds to the ratio of charges accumulated throughout the craft – as will be seen below) (*see Dielectrics page). Holding the two spheres apart is a moulded insulating neck-frame (again smooth-curved) that also holds, with insulating arms, a rotating glass/quartz wheel which is smooth curved so as not to provide any current path to leak away charges (see note 7). The arm and wheel of each of the four bi-pole sphere-sets locates the whole central assembly within the toroid and the wheels allow it to turn along the inner concave wall so that the sphere-sets can be rotated about a vertical axis on an even plane. Accumulator Reactor Because the inner assembly of the base-disc and four sphere-sets, and its relationship to the inner concave-curved center of the toroid, can be likened to the plates and dielectrics of a capacitor, it can be seen that the electric charges distributed around it respond wholely to the movement of charges accumulated in, and around the outside perimeter of, the toroid. In fact, the whole craft behaves, moreover, as a multi-sectioned capacitor with multiple oppositely-charged interfaces (see fig.9 electronic circuit); whereupon, when a charge is increased or decreased at any one section all other sections will correspondingly undergo charge increases and decreases through the various interfaces. It is, by definition of its action, an accumulator reactor. Ufo structure pays special attention to shapes; in that sharp edges move electric energy whilst curved shapes and more especially smooth-surfaced spheres store electric energy. Charge density being inversely proportional to radius of curvature. There is very little about a ufo that is ‘for show’ or is perfunctory and it seems that every curve every edge has a special function (see fig.10). The four large lower spheres accumulate charge from the pointed inner bottom edge of the charging toroid, while the top small spheres attract to their surfaces electric charge from the pointed inner top edge of the toroid, although this effect is more enhanced as the central sphere assembly actually rotates, as explained below. The large spheres are used to feed electric energy into the small spheres. For, as in electrostatics if two spheres, one large and one small, are inter-connected by a conductive link (thin wire) or even a semi-conductor so that both spheres are at the same potential, then the intensity of charge on the small sphere will be much greater than that of the large sphere (ie density is inversely proportional to radius of curvature), and that if the larger sphere were negatively charged then the outer (upper) curve of the small sphere would correspondingly be negative, while the inner (lower) curve of the small sphere will be positive (or rather - less negative). These small-and-large-sphere sets follow the same principle, and it is for the same reason that the small spheres inside these ufos have been seen to glow intensely bright with energy. Another beauty of these configurations, particularly with the use of quartz, is that they don’t conduct their charges away - they accumulate it - and so there will always be an attractive force exerted between the diffuse charges of the toroid and these spheres (see note 8). With this established electrical relationship in mind the small-large sphere assemblies can more conveniently be termed bi-poles or bi-polar sphere-sets, simply to distinguish them as having different electrical configurations between top and bottom (as will be explained further below, neither sphere will be predominantly negatively or predominantly positively polarized). That these dielectric spheres are said to pulsate with light, of all colours of the rainbow, is indicative of the electrical energy of the atoms and molecules from the surrounding air being pummelled and stressed, to the point where electrons as they get thrown out of their normal energy orbits and jump in and out of higher bands exhibit all sorts of changes. This throwing off of coloured photons is only the visual effect of extreme ‘Fermi level’ energy-exchanges of when electrons are accelerated or decelerated. The higher the colour up the spectrum (ie blue-white) the more energy exchange that is being exhibited. A ufo will therefore glow red or orange at ‘low revs’ and progress through yellow, green and blue ‘through the gears’, to be ‘flat out’ pulsating a bright-white light – and it will cruise with a bluish-white haze around it (see note 9) (see Witnessed page)(see Explosion Almost page). By remarkable ingenuity the locating wheels rotate through an area of the inner wall of the toroid (ie the mid-section of the concave curve) which, electrostatically, has very little accumulation of charge anyway because of it’s hollow curvature, and which corresponds to the area of neutralisation of charge in the center of a fluid flow by Lorentz Forces. The base disc, as well as holding the four bi-poles, has to impede and constrict the lower magnetic field of the toroid, so as to direct the flux lines through, or mainly through, its central hole. This then, would not be made of the same construction as the toroid shell, and would be made of a non-magnetic metal such as an aluminium alloy – and perhaps even of the exotic magnesium/bismuth layered combination found in the remnants of one of the downed Roswell ufo’s (for some excellent investigative research on this material see "Glimpses of Other Realities Volume 2" by Linda Moulton Howe pp11). Interestingly, bismuth does have the sort of qualities needed as it does exhibit what is called ‘lag current’ when pulsed currents are applied to it at very low frequencies and in a strong magnetic field (see note 10); indicating that it has capacitance. Bismuth also has a high atomic mass, and of course a Hall effect resistance or diamagnetism.  Either way, a non-magnetic material while not able to prevent all the magnetic flux lines from penetrating through it, will convert some of the flux to a rotating electric field (ie eddy currents *) over it’s surfaces  (see figs.11 & 4), which will supplement the action of other charged particles spinning around the large lower spheres by other interactions, and these rotations will coalesce into a flux-constricting force. The base disc metal could also be laminated on its outside with insulating material (*see note 11). Centralised Vortex  Several factors compound to ensure that a large amount of polarized air is sucked (see fig.12) into the central concave chamber. As mentioned above, when the toroid’s magnetic field is moving some of its flux lines, particularly the outer ones, will come into contact with the circular under-face of the upper radial planar  (see figs.13 & 14 & 15) and will transfer their energies to that surface metal and induce electric currents in and around that non-magnetic material. This induction will react with the ‘diffuse layer’ charges from the top flat surface of the toroid, and while also reacting to the radial non-uniform magnetic field (perpendicular to it) will move in a mostly rotational direction, toward the area of the highest magnetic flux density – in the center. And with the electrical and aerodynamic relationship between the outer duct (through which fresh air is sucked and ionized with positive charge), and the base disc area which is negatively charged, there will be a drawing inward, towards the center, of the heavier positive air ions (by electrophoresis)  (see Non-uniform Electric Fields page)  and neutral air ions (by dielectrophoresis); and a generally curving of those motions as they react electrically to the converging magnetic field lines - that will have also induced a ‘spinning axle’ of lighter-mass electrons (also ionized from the air) at the center – to which the positively charged air will be drawn. And finally, by the laws of induction, when the conducting fluid is rotated around the toroid a circulating electric fluid will be induced in direct response to it, at its center in the axial plane, as a result of the interaction between the non-uniformity of magnetic flux lines generated by the original fluid and the 'magneto-phoretic' movement of the charged particles of its diffuse layers and the ionized air sucked in through the circumferential duct – and that the intensity of the induced fluid current will be significantly greater in response to the higher flux density in the center...  The result is a very intense revolving mass of air and charged particles, which is all the while sucking in more of the same tangentially (see fig.16) from the atmosphere outside; and as it is centralized about the center-hole so it creates its own magnetic field lines, which extend downward through the center-hole, out the bottom of the craft, and after panning out and up through the air, then return inward into the circumferential duct area, converging along the radial guide and squeeze down through the circulating negative charge to force their way back through the confines of the central hole. As will be seen below, this revolving cyclonetic field, or vortex (see Vortex page), will be further constricted and its power further amplified by additional electrical fields still yet to be set in motion around it, within the central chamber.   But already, the congestion of magnetic flux lines and electric field lines, and the continual inflow of polarized and ionized air and particles – all of which are being drawn into this central chamber area is quite remarkable. It will be noted that, with all these energies pouring into the central chamber there are only two ways out: One is back the way they came in – along the radial planar guide and through the circumferential duct completely against the incoming flow; or, Two, through the small hole in the center of the base disc – which is now bottle-necked with magnetic flux lines that would normally inhibit any passage through it of electrically charged particles for they would be forced to spin IN REVERSE at such a constriction, like a ‘magnetic mirror’, and try to shoot back up the magnetic field lines to where they had just come from. Only in this arrangement with its vortex, the vorticle polarizing forces would then almost immediately spin the charged particles downward again - to result in an oscillating motion within the confines of the internal vortex. Central to the action of a vortex, or cyclonetic field, is its ability to create a low pressure suction area. This it does by compacting its fluid into a much smaller volume than is 'normal'  (see Vortex page). If its fluid (which in this case is air) takes up a certain volume of space and a vortex revolves that mass into a space 800 times smaller then air from further away will be drawn in to fill up that emptied space – hence the vacuum. Mostly a vortex is just a turning funnel which spurts out the bottom the densified air (or fluid) which upon ‘escaping’ normalizes again to a larger volume – and, in the case of air, with a higher pressure. So, below the center of a craft like this is created a high pressure zone – just like under a conventional aircraft’s wing. Further, a vortex has a centripital action, or convergence, where the densation and possibly pressure ionization* occurs, as the particles of the fluid are compressed together in an ever-more confining space. Densation in a vortex, if powerful enough, can alter the very balance of atomic structuring, to affect a compression of the interatomic spacing that intrinsically gives order to electron shells and energy bands. Densation is one of the very few ways of calling up the power of repulsion – which on an atomic level – is the most powerful force in the universe (*see note 12). A Vortex also performs a centrifugal action that separates very efficiently the electric charges of the atoms and molecules of its revolving fluid, be it air or liquid; the heavier particles (mainly positive) are left to slowly rotate around the mouth of the vortex while the thirty-thousand-times more agile negative electrons are whisked down the ever-constricting throat at infinite speed to establish a substantial potential difference between top and bottom (or outer and inner, respectively). As in a ‘black hole’ vortex while all and sundry is being swallowed down into ever-smaller ‘quanta’ both positive and neutral particles are actually being forced out of the mouth into the space around them. Cycloconstrictive Fields  Rotation of the central sphere assembly greatly increases the accumulation of charges on the top and bottom spheres; as the spheres turn through the toroid’s upper and lower non-uniform magnetic fields a potential difference is set up on each sphere’s surface charges between those on the center-facing curve and those on the outward-facing curve (see fig.17); this electrical potential difference, or Foucault Current, is created when a conductor is moved through a non-uniform magnetic field that has a stronger flux density on one side of the volume than the other. As a result of the Foucault differential on the top spheres the inside (center-facing) curve would have a positive charge-difference and the outer a more negative potential. Complimentary to this arrangement is the charging process of the vortex, for when the central vortex is formed and it’s outer mouth-edge’s highly positive charge links with the inner center-facing sides of the top spheres an opposite potential (negative) will be induced on their outer sides as they rotate.  Now the electric field of positive ions that have been gathering on the top flat surface of the toroid becomes attracted to the negative charge on the top spheres as they rotate, each sphere pulling a division of that positive field across the air gap (with the help of the streaming action of the toroid’s top inner sharp edge)(see figs.18 & 19 & 20), and in the course of its rotation stretches its division like an elastic sheet.  The four stretching sheets then are forced to coil around the outside perimeter of the central vortex (because its positive charge will repulse them), and additionally, while still being pulled electrically by each one of the top spheres, will also be repulsed from each other stretching sheet to ensure that they tighten around eachother into four separate ‘cycloconstrictive’ coils (see figs.21 & 22) (see note 13).  Such are the effects of the polarizing mechanisms of the vortex, in combination with the Foucault differential charging that the top and out-facing curves of the small spheres will possess the highest intensity of negative charge, while these bipoles are rotating, particularly if some sort of electrostatic link is made with the large lower spheres so that they both obtain the same voltage pressure (see fig.8) (see note 14). Wave Propagation Outside and below the craft the polarized electric charges that have been massing in the two concentric donut rings beneath the craft are primed and ready to conduct across the insulating air gap between them (the still air normally has a breakdown field strength of 3 x 106 Volts/metre), to form an electromagnetic wave that would shoot off into the air below – but they cannot conduct because of the strength of the magnetic fields from the toroid, which are keeping the two charges apart and, in fact, which are spinning both these electric fields around the outside shell of the toroid in the same direction (and forming a 'double shell' between the metal's surface and the surrounding air). I've actually seen this for myself - the metal skin of the 'ship I was underneath gave the impression of depth, not as just a two-dimensional flat surface; this thick surface shimmered as if it were energized, as if it were a vibrational material rather than a dead metal - as if its atoms were only loosely bonded. So I guess I was seeing the electro-energy that adheres so closely to the outside surface that its actually an integral part of a ufo.  The energy release mechanism occurs when, as the cycloconstrictive fields wind around the center they get pulled into a compressive ‘wedge’ between the other coiling fields and the central vortex (see fig.23),  all of which are positively charged (these coiling fields are then further tightened, by interaction with the radial magnetic field, which will tend to drive the positive charges even further round the center in an anticlockwise rotation - and any negative charges clockwise toward the outside). The compression results in repulsion – and just like a tightly coiled clockwork spring when its link suddenly snaps – the fields break loose and recoil in the reverse direction (see fig.24). The large masses of stored energy within each of the four cycloconstrictive fields of ionized particles (mainly protons and positive ions) now create a reverse-electromotive-force (back-emf against the toroid’s magnetic field) as these ‘plasmas’ force their way through the radial planar wave guide and out through the circumferential duct (with the internal reversal and change in electric pressures, between inside center and circumferential duct, the plasma of ionized atoms and molecules are then further accelerated outward because the ‘electrodes’ that make up the planar wave guide have become oppositely charged and so their convergent force, as mentioned above, is now divergent throughout the radial planar wave guide). In fact, the radial planar guide is the perfect configuration for a magnetohydrodynamic power generator, which would accelerate a plasma (see Plasma Wave page), because it has two planar electrodes (with a high potential difference between them) and a radial magnetic field, so that a current would be passed through the plasma perpendicular to the magnetic field, which, if no other forces were involved would transform the plasma into a transverse, rotating ring. By capacitive coupling and the reverse-electromotive-force the reversal of polarity in the diffuse layers around the toroid causes the toroid’s internal charges to reverse and the toroid’s magnetic field to momentarily collapse and reverse (which, depending on the capacitances and inductances surrounding the toroid will continue to reverse and collapse, to continually oscillate, in concert with the rest of the electrical reactions in the accumulator reactor - just as would a 'tuned circuit' (see note 15). [Note: As to the optimum frequency of that circuit's oscillation, it might be advantageous to correlate an established observation about ufos with a newly discovered gravitational technology. For amongst those who have observed ufos at close range and have reported (and in some cases have audio-recorded) a humming, whirling, or pulsing noise coming from them, some have indicated that such sounds had a frequency rate of between 2 to 8 pulses-per-second (or 2Hz - 8Hz), which seems to be the optimum frequency range which, when propagated at a certain power level into mass, renders it weightless (see Professor Aquino's "System G" anti-gravitation page) - or see note 15a for the website link...] The beauty of this system is that although the initial charges are generated by the toroid, strictly speaking they never actually leave the craft – the charges propagated in the electromagnetic wave are induced charges taken from the surrounding air. It doesn't expel its own energy - it expels the diffuse layers - not one ion of its own is lost... Plasma Propulsion Forces  Each time the magnetic field suddenly collapses and the plasma gets forced out it generates its own magnetic field that will be fixed into the plasma ring as the plasma ring expands out through the duct, and pulls with it the other charges from below the craft (see fig.25)(see note 16) (see UFO Plasma Engine page). The whole seething mass of plasma then reacts to the magnetic field ‘frozen’ inside it by vibrating in a highly energized kinetic state and expands at almost the speed of light. The effect is similar to the propagation of an electromagnetic wave but while the electric field and the magnetic field frozen inside the plasma resonate, the continually changing magnetic field is creating an ever-expanding electric current inside the plasma. And while this interaction is taking place a third force, a vector force, is producing an expanding 'force wave' of energy against the outside air, thereby completely transforming the electromagnetic energy into kinetic propulsive energy - thereby providing thrust to the ufo (see animation below).

One more thing... That the lower spheres are said to pulsate with light, of all colors of the rainbow, is indicative of the electrical energy of the atoms and molecules in the fields of charged particles surrounding them being pummelled and stressed by the changes in the magnetic fields of the craft. Indeed, the electrical environment of whole UFO craft is so extreme that atoms in the air surrounding them undergo tremendous forces and the orbiting electrons of those atoms get thrown out of their normal energy orbits and jump in and out of their adjacent energy bands exhibiting all sorts of photon emission as they do. This throwing off of colored photons is the visual effect of extreme Fermi level energy-exchanges of when electrons are accelerated, decelerated and forced to flow in the opposite direction - phenomena which occurs at least four times every cycle of the two opposing magnetic fields energizing and collapsing.
The highly compressed field of spinning electrons stored outside the craft, for instance, by the time they are forced back into the craft and out through the vent in the base disc would be so highly energized when they exited below the craft that they would appear as a flash of bright light from the photons given off in such abundance (see note 12 [2]).

PLASMA WAVE The radial planar guide is the perfect configuration for a magnetohydrodynamic power generator, which would both accelerate the plasma, and induce electric energy from it. ("The Plasma State" J.I. Shohet (1971) p145) The combination of the radial planar wave guide, the capacitive configurations, and the coiled up cycloconstrictive fields (of stored electro-magnetic energy) are the main component parts, along with a plasma of ionized particles, that make up a plasma acceleration device (broadly similar to a coaxial plasma gun - but, of course, more refined and much bigger). The plasma, of mainly positive ions and protons would be set in motion by the recoiling action of the repulsed cycloconstrictive fields and then accelerated by the oppositely-charged planar wave guide electrodes, out in a tangential flow through the toroid’s radial magnetic field. Confinement (which amplifies its force even more) in the wave guide would be in all directions except at the circumferential duct, where the aerodynamic shaping of the duct (and like-charges repulsion) would constrict the plasma and then direct it downward and outward, whereupon the plasma would blast its way through the toroid’s magnetic confining field - as a propagated wave of kinetic energy - at almost the speed of light. Some comparative figures from a small 8cm diameter hydromagnetic plasma gun might give an idea of the energies involved. Using a coaxial tube to accelerate a hydrogen plasma, and where the conversion of electrical input to kinetic propulsive energy was rated at 40% efficient;

Unfortunately the above data is rather ancient ("Performance of a Hydromagnetic Plasma Gun" by John Marshall (Los Alamos Scientific Labs) in "The Physics of Fluids" Vol 3 (1960) p134-5). A more recent approximation of output may come the results of work done by French physicists Petit, Viton and Poher who, in the mid-1970’s developed a ‘ufo engine’ that developed 1,000 million watts (UFO Plasma Engine - French Physicists page).

 [1] UFO TECHNOLOGY - The Short Bibliography

Glimpses of Other Realities Vol II - High Strangeness (1998) Linda Moulton Howe

The Andreasson Affair (1979/1994) Raymond E. Fowler

The Andreasson Affair - Phase Two (1982) Raymond E. Fowler

The Watchers (1990) Raymond E. Fowler

The Watchers II (1995) Raymond E. Fowler

The Day After Roswell (1997) Col. Philip J. Corso

Alien Contact (1993) Timothy Good

The Threat (1998) David M. Jacobs (read with caution)

Transformation (1995) Julie Soskin

Living Energies (1996) Callum Coats

Living Water (1990) Olof Alexandersson

Ufo Quest (1994) Alan Watts

The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla (1993) David H. Childress

Anti-Gravity and The World Grid (1992) David H. Childress

Prehistoric Germ Warfare (1980) Robin Collyns

The Philadelphia Experiment (1979) Charles Berlitz & William Moore

[2] UFO notes page

note 1) Deuterium is hydrogen water without oxygen and can be produced by electrolysis from normal water. Deuterium when pressurized then breaks down into atoms and converts to a conductive fluid. To lend credence to the deuterium theory is the fact that several observers have reported seeing UFOs hovering over the sea and over lakes apparently drawing up into them huge quantities of water - but are they taking in and retaining the water - or are they processing it for deuterium and dumping the residue... Betty Luca herself mentions watching this phenomenon (in "Watchers" p54) and, she does actually mention seeing sparks of electricity flying all over the place when the process was taking place !

note 2) As an example of laminar or streamline flow, a liquid flowing through a channel of uniform cross-section, depending on it's viscousity, will flow as a series of parallel layers (or laminae). The layers in immediate contact with the walls will be at rest while those layers close to the center of the channel will be fast-flowing, and therefore the liquid will form into intermediate layers - especially when the channel is curved. With respect to such laminar flow insulating fluids can generate large amounts of electrostatic charge simply by moving them through insulated curved containers (as with the case of petroleum storage and distribution - where a lot of research is done on eliminating these large and potentially hazardous electric charges, created when they are pumped, by dispersing them through ground conductors).

Further on from the above example of layering is when suspensoids are introduced into an insulating fluid, because in the presence of the electric and magnetic fields around the toroid the suspensoids in its fluid will move at differing speeds relative to whether they are dielectrics, paraelectrics or ferroelectrics with differing magnetic susceptibilities and the fluid in the toroid will behave much like a solid dielectric does with a variety of positive and negative charge domains, and those factors will subsequently effect the fluid's electrostatic charging.

How the liquid is composed and how that composition reacts to electric and magnetic fields greatly effects its electric-charging cababilities. See, for instance, Patrick Flanagan's research into the surface tension of negatively-charged colloidal water, extracting from a small volume of water when spun in a vortex an electric charge of 10,000 volts "Secrets of the Soil" by Peter Tompkins & Christopher Bird (1991) p109; and "Experiments on the Sign of Electric Charge Assumed by a Metal Immersed in a Liquid" in "Physical Review" Vol 22 (1923) p134-6; and the Reynolds fluid research in "Elementary Fluid Mechanics" by Robert L. Street et al (1996) p231-5, and in "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Richard P. Feynman et al (1970) Vol 2 p41-6 to 41-10; and of course Schauberger's work on high voltage generation from water in "The Energy Evolution" by Callum Coats (2000) especially Schauberger's mention of producing 200 million volts from water (p43). Also see "Magnetic Fluids - Engineering Applications" B.M.Berkovsky (1993) pp20 for water-based magnetic fluids.

note 3) Dielectrophoresis occurs in a non-uniform electric field; as for instance if a small electrode is central to a larger, cylindrical electrode and the lines of electric flux converge toward the central electrode, like spokes in a wheel, that non-uniform field will cause polarized (neutral) particles to move toward the strongest part of its electric flux - at the center where the lines of force converge. Opposite to this dielectrophoretic motion is electrophoresis, which is an attraction of charged particles to the terminal of opposite polarity. From "The Motion and Precipitation of Suspensoids in Divergent Electric Fields" by Herbert A Pohl in "Journal of Applied Physics" vol 22, p871,(1951). Also see 1980 "Annual Report Conf. Elec. Insul. & Dielectric Phenomena" (National Academy Press - Washington) pp82 (T.B.Jones).

note 4) The arced-toroid, while it should be made of an insulating material or a laminate of metal-insulator-metal materials, some descriptions describe it as a glass-plastic material, or that some metals inside the craft become transparent with an applied electric field – but this transparency effect must be down to an alignment procedure of the metal on a molecular level and must be established upon its construction-materialization process. Actually, the transparency effect of metals has been mentioned by many independent witnesses and experiencers, such as Travis Walton, Daniel Fry, Betty Andreasson Luca, and Bob Lazar, et al, so its obviously prevalent.

An extraterrestrial artifact of a miniature ufo found in England had an alternate coupling of copper (non-magnetic) – polystyrene (insulator) – copper; where (according to the lab reports from the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge and the Department of Metallurgy at Manchester University) the copper had a non-crystalline structure and the polystyrene had an unusually high mass, and spread throughout the various layers was a fine magnetic powder. Was it some sort of hint as to how a real ufo is structured? (See "UFO Quest" (1994) [retitled "Unidentified Flying Objects" in 1999] by Alan Watts p47-8.)

Molecular alignment is in Corso's book "The Day After Roswell" p115 (p/back p125). In the same book Corso also says that one of the craft he worked with had an outer shell made from a thin alloy of pure silver and copper - and that this metal was "remarkable for its conductivity, as if the entire craft was an electrical circuit offering no resistance to the flow of current.", ibid p107 (p/back p117) (see a short summary of his references to ufo technology in the Corso Page). Presumably, as in the case of the Roswell samples, such extra ion content enhances the polarizability of the metal.

According to "New Scientist" Danijel Djurek, a physicist at A.Volta Applied Ceramics in Zagreb, Croatia, has discovered a new 'magic formula' for a superconducting ceramic that works reliably at room temperature. The Croatian scientists says that current will flow without resistance through the material, which is a mixture of lead, lead carbonate, and silver oxides, at up to about 30 °C (from "New Scientist" 31 March 2001). This follows their very recent discovery that the chemical magnesium diboride superconducts at temperatures almost twice those needed for previously-known metallic superconductors to work (from "New Scientist" 3 March, p 6).

And contrary to the misguided belief, by some scientists, that a ufo in order to travel through earth's atmosphere has to withstand tremendous amounts of heat, a ufo, has at its outer shell-casing a temperature completely unaffected by air-friction, because through the electrochemical reactions and boundary-layer effects of the electronic ionizing of the propulsion systems it uses it produces a 'soft' buffer to the air-medium it travels through, and even against the 'supersonic barrier effect' - and so a ufo does not have a 'hard edge' to produce air friction with. Apparently, American, British and Russian physicists have for a long while been working on this very same principle, to provide reduced air-drag, for commercial aircraft (see an article called "Plasma Magic" by Justin Mullins in "New Scientist" 28 Oct 2000), and I do believe the B2 bomber had a similar facility too (as seen in numerous photographs of B-2A bombers flying over Edwards air force base sporting electronic 'vapour' plumes, recently 'released' via a special edition of Airforces Monthly - Planes 2: The Next Generation" in October 2000 in the UK).

note 5) When the magnetic fields begin to resonate the flux lines will create electrical eddy currents over the under-face of the floor surface (see fig.3), so that a skin of charged particles will circulate around the surface (in conjunction with the other circulating fields).
The top surface of the radial planar guide is also the base and floor (or main deck) of the upper 'operations' section of the craft, and would be made of laminated metal that shields the upper section from the electrostatic fields (by Faraday Effect) and to some degree the electromagnetic fields generated by the toroid below. The base can be capacitively coupled (or directly coupled) to the upper outside dome-shell of the craft so as to enable the metallic dome to acquire an outside positive charge. The dome itself can be made to store a tremendous amount of electrical energy, over it's whole surface area, if it is structured as a capacitor (ie laminated with very thin layers of insulating/dielectric material – the thinner the more enhanced will be the capacitive effect – in between various layers of conducting materials)...

note 6) [27] "Einstein derived his equation from the special theory of relativity. One way to glimpse the link is to reflect on the fact that material bodies cannot go faster than light. So what happens if you just go ahead and try to accelerate a particle of matter through the light barrier ? This is precisely the sort of thing that physicists working with subatomic particles do with their giant accelerator machines. The result is that as the particle gets nearer the speed of light, it becomes heavier, i.e. puts on [28] mass. (An electron whirling around inside the LEP accelerator, for example, weighed about 200,000 times an electron at rest). This makes the particle harder and harder to speed up." (From "How To Build a Time Machine" by Paul Davies (2001) p27/28.)

note 7) To assist the inner transverse magnetic field project the spinning electron field down through the central exit vent in the base disc, when the transverse field becomes energized, it may be advantageous to have this base disc made of a non-magnetic material, such as aluminum, which would convert the magnetic flux of the lower toroid's field to a rotating electric field (eddy current) around it's surfaces (above and below), which will supplement the action of other charged particles spinning around the large lower spheres by their interactions with the same magnetic field when that field collapses. Such rotations of electric charge just outside of the exit vent would form a flux-constricting force for the newly energizing inner core of the transverse field.

note 8) There may be located in the arms a semiconductor type of current-flow control that allows voltage pressure to remain accumulated in the lower and upper spheres and only allow conduction through the arms when it is required.

note 9) Still air normally has a breakdown field strength of 3 x 10⁶ Volts/metre.

note 10) As the field of electrons get forced back into the center of the craft the angular momentum of that spinning sheet increases - but the question is, what happens to the extra centrifugal mass gained by the electrons in the outer magnetic field (as in note 6 above) - does it increase even more when the sheet is brought inward ?
And what of the air surrounding the outside spinning sheet of electrons - it would be positively charged but when the electrons suddenly imploded into the craft there would be a tremendous electrical stress in the volume of air between it and the craft...

note 11) A rotating electric field stores kinetic energy and electrical energy (with its force-field acting from its center to its outside region) ("Plasma - The Fourth State of Matter" D.A. Frank-Kamenetskii (Trans. J. Norwood) 1972 p86).

note 12) It would seem logical that the higher the color is up the spectrum (ie blue-white) the higher is the energy exchange that is creating it. A ufo glowing red or orange at would therefore be running at 'low revs' and when it's emission progress through yellow, green and blue it would be energizing 'through the gears', and be 'flat out' pulsating with a bright-white haze around it.

note 13) Of the many video shots I've seen of UFOs, especially filmed over mexico, a light haze (sometimes colored) can be clearly seen around the craft - but more precisely the energy haze is usually slightly above and to one side of the craft. That's electronic ambient phenomena.

note 14) The phenomenon of pressure ionization occurs when, in a highly volatile and compressed state electrons are squeezed out of their high energy levels (ie Fermi energy) breaking the outer shells and detaching from the atom. See "Plasma – The Fourth State of Matter" D.A. Frank-Kamenetskii (Trans. J. Norwood) 1972; also see "Francis Bitter - Selected papers on Electromagnetism" ed: T. Erber (1969) p518-522.

note 15) The most appropriate way of getting this power out is to ‘tune the circuit’ so that it’s charge-discharge-recharge cycle corresponds to a resonant frequency. There would be such an array of charge backflows (or, reverse electromotive forces) from the capacitive couplings, and a collapsing magnetic field to work with, and a planar wave-guide that would function as a waveguide (for short wavelengths), to enable this circuit to work repetitively so as to oscillate, that, once the component parts of the craft’s capacitance and inductance were controlled so could the output frequency be controlled, and so too could its kinetic propulsive power be controlled.
Indeed, A.H. Bahnson Jr, who carried forward some of the electrokinetic ideas of TT Brown, says in his "Electrical Thrust Producing Device" patent that his device worked much more efficiently when the frequency of the voltage applied to it was "in resonance with the internal amplitude of the molecules of the air or other gaseous medium in which the apparatus operates." (US patent 3,223,038 Dec 14 1965 p1:50) (see note 35 below for link to Bahnson page).

NOTE: If the liquid is polarized and its dipolar-molecules were aligned to the electric field, after discharge they would reverse-align themselves and, although the tendency would be for the reversal to ‘brake’ the flow of the fluid its inertia would bring the dipole-molecule alignment back to the original alignment. This would also have a bearing on the tuning of the circuit because it would act as an inductance in the circuit - unless this 'part' of the circuit was oscillated at resonance - in which case it would greatly increase the available electric charge.

note 16) Does this electronic propulsion work in space... If there are particles in space that can be electrically polarised then yes ! According to Cambridge (UK) physicist Paul Davies who says there is potential energy in space, and that our idea of space being full of nothing is outdated, "Incidentally, the Heisenberg (energy-time) uncertainty principle also has important implications for the nature of empty space: it means there is no such thing as a perfect vacuum. Even when you have removed all particles of matter and all photons, there will still be virtual photons (and virtual versions of all other types of particle) popping into temporary existence. Virtual photons permeate all of space, filling it with a seething ferment of quantum activity. What may appear at first to be total emptiness is, in fact, a beehive of fluctuating ghosts, appearing and disappearing in an unpredictable frolic. And this isn't just theory. Virtual photons manifest themselves physically in a number of ways. For example, they jostle electrons in atomic orbits, producing small but measurable changes in the energy levels". (From "How To Build a Time Machine" by Paul Davies (2001) p84/85).

In his laboratory at Electrokinetics, Inc. (during the late 1950's) TT Brown discovered that his electrokinetic effects actually worked better in a vacuum, and that less current would be used in a vacuum to produce the same amount of lift. He also discovered a link between light and electrokinetic energy (see his documents on EHD at the link below in note 17).

Professor Hal Phuttof, one of the world's leading scientists in advanced propulsion systems, has said that by exciting atoms in a vacuum a spontaneous emission of energy can be stimulated - by a factor of 100 (from a report on the Advanced Propulsion Workshop of Jan 2001 at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex University - see UFO Magazine March 2001 pp16).

One small insight into the ET tech of manipulating electric energy out in space may come from observations that orbiting craft (ie the 'cigar' mother-ships) emit liquid vapour or 'steam' around their shells - whereby if it were as simple as water-vapour (perhaps this is a form of electrically induced thermionic emission) or perhaps this is another case of an ESR (electron spin resonance) thermoelectric reaction from the use of microwave radiation on something as basic as water - which is something the ETs seem to want to replenish their stocks of quite often... Then the movement of it could be used to generate electric charge for the craft while in space (see "Watchers Two" Raymond E. Fowler p86).

note 17) While American military scientists of the late 1950's were fumbling to hide their ufo investigations Townsend Brown proved emphatically his ample understanding of electrokinetic propulsion by developing in his own laboratory machines that gave a return of 110% contra-gravity thrust.
For in Townsend Brown's own words:  "Laboratory devices weighing 100 grams (~3.5 ounces) less power source have produced a thrust of 110 grams, for an electrical power expenditure of 500 watts (250,000 volts @ 2.0 milliamperes). This experiment was performed in air (1 atmosphere). Supplementary research indicates much greater efficiency (same thrust for less power input) results when operated in a vacuum (10^-4 mm. Hg. or better), when the current drops to about 2.0 microamperes.
This performance compares with the ion propulsion unit being operated at NASA's Lewis Research Center, which weighs several pounds (kilograms) and produces 28.35 grams of thrust for a power input of 1,200 watts (10,000 volts @ 120 milliamps). It produced these results in a 10⁸ mm. Hg. vacuum." (For more information, on what Townsend Brown then called Hydrostatic Propulsion, see his original documents on Electrohydrodynamics (Supp. A) (circa 1960), from the T Townsend Brown family website).

note 18) See "Alien Contact" by Timothy Good (1993) p187; but also see Bob Lazar's video.

note 19) ibid. p179

note 20) ibid. p188

note 21) US patent 7,326,715 (7 April 1989)

note 22) See "Alien Contact" by Timothy Good (1993) p181; and see the Lazar Gravity Generators page.

note 23) See "The Andreasson Affair - Phase Two" p154. And for the encounter of a similar craft by a US Army Lieutenant see "Glimpses of Other Realities Vol 2" by Linda M. Howe p93. Interestingly, recent sightings of spheres in large formations, perhaps on some sort of reconnaissance, have been made in Wales (between November 1999 and May 2000) ("Western Mail" Cardiff 16 May 2000) ("Ufo Magazine" (UK) July/August 2000 p43) ("Ufo Magazine" (UK) Nov/Dec 2000 p4).

note 24) Projecting a negative electric field into the air some distance from the craft is a lot more logical than 'projecting' a positive field. But as TT Brown himself explains his effect works not exclusively toward a positive electrode - but that it works toward the area of least density of electric flux lines (see Brown's patent 3,187,206 fig. 8C). So in the case of the orb-sphere, it's body could be positively charged and the ambient it electrifies above it could be negative (as long as the ambient is dispersed over a wide area so as to shape the electric field).

note 25) From the way Lazar explains the propulsion system of the ufo he worked on it can't be an 'anti-gravity' wave, or even a 'gravity' wave, that that ufo rides on. For he says, in his video, that by using only one of the three gravity amplifiers it pushes out a pulsing wave which it 'floats' on. And while it is weightless the other two gravity amplifiers are used to create and project a 'disturbance' in the air-space ahead of it. This sounds like more electromagnetic 'seeding' of the distant air-space to me (see Jon Farhat's "Bob Lazar" website  for sketches, pictures and text about UFOs and aliens)... anyway, Lazar then explains that it works just the opposite to aircraft thrust, in that as the disturbance is projected into the distance the craft reacts to it as if it were running downhill to it - and thats how it travels . We'll see...
In fact, the "hill" analogy used by Lazar seems to be straight out of Mason Rose's contemporary account of TT Brown's electrogravitational propulsion; and the concept of thermoelectric conversion from a 'nuclear reactor' directly to electrical power is almost straight out of a Brazilian naval intelligence report from the late 1950's ("Alien Contact" p181) – can we deduce from this that the military physicists Lazar worked with at Area 51 were still using analogies coined in the 1950's !?!
...As a matter of fact NASA (Franklin B. Mead's Research Laboratory) is stuck in tests on a principle similar in nature to Lazar's concept. They have a "Lightcraft" that focuses part of a lasar beam ahead of their craft as an "air spike", and then when ionized air-ambient is forced back past the craft (accelerating its slipstream) the craft is forced forward (see the article Highways of Light by Leik N. Myrabo in "Scientific American" Feb 1999 pp68).

note 26) Although Tesla at that time in his life only wanted to design destructive war machinery the principle of propulsive force is similar to what he called 'scalar wave interference' of when the two beams were pulsed, from different source points, and where they converged they'd produce another, interference wave, of increased power and velocity (a bit like the Star Wars weapon where two energy waves, angled slightly differently, are made to converge at a particular location in space (like meshing 'lower hybrid waves' of slightly differently angled propagation - each with a different angle of incidence) and the resulting vector wave energises the charged particles – in spectacular fashion to shoot off at speed into the distance. But for a propulsion system the waves have to be 'amalgamated' at a finite distance from the craft and to produce an electronic reaction with the atmospheric air at that location - so as to then push against that electronic reaction in the atmospheric air.
Perhaps M.K.Jessup knew a bit about this 'cold concourse' too, in his "The Case For The Ufo" (1955) pp33 when he wrote "Suppose that some intelligent entity was directing a concentration of potential which could make small volumes of rarefied air rigid, could set up a sort of island in the gravitational or magnetic field, moving the island about as the spot of a searchlight is moved on thin clouds." and, "In moving, this island would simply "freeze" on the advancing edge and "thaw" on the trailing edge. In this way it could have almost infinite velocity, and also acceleration..."
In a more simplified form Wilhelm Reich also used a system of ionizing-at-a-distance with his 'cloud-buster'. Also see "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla" (1993) p270. And "Nexus Magazine" April-May 1996 pp55. And see "Plasma - The Fourth State" p118.

note 27) I would like to see more UFO reports like this one by James McDonald; it is very informative, its writer had obviously done his homework and he didn't compromise with his own reality - especially when he was confronted by the 'misinformation bridage' who tried to hide this report behind mis-dating and mis-filing proceedures. Right Stuff ! His work lives on. See the PDF of "Air Force Observations of an Unidentified Object in the South-Central US".

note 28) Betty Andreasson Luca, over her many years of hypnotic regression, became extremely adept at recalling events during her abduction experiences. She was/is obviously a highly-evolved and highly experienced spirit for the ETs she met would freely converse with her about the most profound of spiritual tenets, or the most technical of details to do with the alien's machinery. In "The Watchers" (Raymond E. Fowler 1990) she has recalled details of alien electronic engineering that are both mystifying and inspirational to say the least. Obviously in those sort of circumstances a person is not going to recall all details word perfectly, but I'd like to include here some of the phrases to do with electric field transfer that she has heard the ET's mention;
"... And the being says they are PURGING and LINING the CYCLONETIC TROWEL." (p76), which is something to do with a fluid (of water or some other liquid) flowing counterclockwise around the smooth outside surface of one of the crafts. And, "... The being says: 'BALANCING the OSCILLATING TELEMETER WHEELS and LEVELING.' Ah, I just can't understand some of that." (p77), followed by "... ROTATING series of SEMI-FULL SWING BACK. LIQUID LINE ? MAGNETIC RINGS and the DEPOLARIZED RIM." (p77), whereupon Betty then describes seeing a series of glowing electric discharges crawl all over the crafts and into the surrounding air as if she were standing right in the middle of an electric storm (see Betty's illustration). But the most interesting phrase is one she recalls after seeing a pretty spectacular explosion. In that incident Betty has been watching a ufo craft in the middle-distance hovering over a lake drawing up water through hoses, all of a sudden there is a very loud "bang", sparks of electricity are flying all over the place, and obviously something has gone very wrong; Betty then continues, "...And they said, they had something, something about a TRANSVERSAL SHOCK from something." (p54).   Now, TRANSVERSAL SHOCK is not in your everyday electronics phrase book, and it certainly won't be on your average university physics course - but it is a known phenomenon.

note 29)
In the graphic above when the two waveforms on the left are compared the second one is simply phase-shifted by 180º from the top one and their amplitudes cancel eachother out; whereas the two top waveforms on the right are of the same phase (and of the same amplitude) and so they result in a boosted signal.
 

An affiliated technology to cancelling of the two amplitudes is "noise cancelling" whereby an electronic amplifier can be made to reproduce an exact copy of the sound coming from a localised area, give it a 180-degree phase-shift, direct it back to anyone 'listening' in that same localised area - and as if by magic - they will hear nothing but silence. Well, that's the theory, in practise it is very difficult to cancel completely all of the sound. Saab have had such a sound limiting system on their commercial aircraft for a while, but it doesn't produce complete silence. An interesting and poignant example of noise cancelling is associated with certain reported cases of cattle mutilation in America. Britain's Nick Cook, in a TV documentary "Billion $ Secret" on Channel 5(UK) (in 1999 and 2000) reporting on Black Budget enterprises in the US using pseudo-ufo technologies, interviewed John Harr, a cattle rancher in Colorado who described 'observing' a black craft hover around his ranch house one night that gave him the impression something sinister was going on. For although it made no sound whatsoever the incident made the rancher clearly believe that the 'craft' was not a ufo but a helicopter, because he could feel the revolving rotor-blade down-pressure as it hovered only a few meters above him before moving off silently into the darkness. In daylight the next day upon inspecting his herd, sure enough a number of cattle had been mutilated in copy-cat fashion to that done by the aliens. The military is trying to say, Oh yes we are doing all that - but no-one is being fooled that it isn't being done by extraterrestrial aliens elsewhere for their own particular needs...

note 30) See "Living Energies" by Callum Coats p287; but also see "The Energy Evolution" by Callum Coats p140 and "Living Water" (1st edition) by Olof Alexandersson p142 (of Callum Coat's postscript notes).

note 31) Schauberger, in the 1950's stated that his apparatus "functioned at the first attempt ... and rose upwards, trailing a blue-green, and then a silver-coloured glow." See "Living Water" p94.

note 32) See "Living Energies" p287. One of Schauberger's small prototypes of the 'Repulsine' was appropriated along with many more of his machines by the American forces at the end of the war (see "Living Energies" by Callum Coats p288; and "The Energy Evolution" by Callum Coats pp177 for the accompanying patent application text).

note 33) One small point, when a tornado gets fierce bolts of lightning can be seen to flash from the top to the bottom, which obviously, is where the separation of charge effect discharges the accumulations of opposite electricity – but the reason why the lightning flashes perpendicular to the ground and not around the curve of the twisting air is because in a vortex the heavier particles get forced out centrifugally and accumulate in the air surrounding the vortex. That the amount of electricity stored in the air, and indeed that can be taken from the air can be colossal is attested to by the experimental disaster of the French physicist Gerard Renault (c.1926) when his 'air plasma' machine destroyed part of the French Academy building in Paris, and the more successful discoveries made by Viktor Schauberger in the 1940s in Germany.

note 34) The essential ingredient proves to be the 'wide-brim' disc which shapes the electric field, and which creates the all-important differential in the electric field density between the upper area of the craft and the lower area. The Piatan ufo image is taken from "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla" (1993) p298/299.

Ironically, the T Townsend Brown endeavor to develop the ultimate electrokinetic ufo doesn't end with T Townsend Brown. For one of his co-researchers at that time, Agnew H. Bahnson Jr, must surely be given at least equal acknowledgement for his furtherance of Brown's work to quite a high level of success. He was granted four patents (US 2,958,790 (Nov 1 1960); US 3,223,038 (Dec 14 1965); US 3,227,901 (Jan 4 1966); US 3,263,102 (Jul 26 1966)), that basically follow on from Brown's arcuate 'umbrella' design (see fig 27 (v) and see  his patent list). And while Bahnson's 3,263,102 patent offers the earliest method of applying DIRECTIONAL thrust to steer this type of design by, the electrogravitic designs of Bahnson's 2,958,790 patent includes an extensively developed flying disc version - that is remarkable not only for its ingenuity of construction but is also remarkable for its resemblance to one of George Adamski's ufos...(see Bahnson (Adamski) Ufo page) (and see the T Townsend Brown family website for more information).

note 35) And how about a teaser for US Astronautical Science, seeing as it has a penchant for StarTrekisms, how about them using a collimated polarizing beam from an electro-dynamic craft as a tracker-beam, or a presser-beam…same principles as outlined above. As an extreme example, take the case of Travis Walton, hit unconscious by a presser beam from a ufo, again, from a stream of polarized particles while he stood underneath the craft before it pulled his unconscious body up into the craft (which, as an aside, probably saved his life for if the craft 'powered up' to move away from him at speed the energy emission from it would have severely burned his body... I think the poor guy had quite enough to contend with when he was 'taken up' as it was, with at least an almighty engram to contend with that put a block on his memory) (for engram see below, note 36).

note 36) An engram is a mental block which contains mental image pictures, they happen when the person has gone unconscious and is in pain, the conscious mind has closed down but the subconscious mind is still recording the events taking place - in every detail. When the person comes to he or she will not remember anything consciously - but the images are there locked in the subconscious mind - and they can be retrieved if you are helped past the pain. Knowledge of the abduction phenomenon (based on the thousands of experiencer's actual testimonies) can be found  t through Dr. John Mack's organisation. Tohis end there is an 'interesting' mechanism used only by the ET abductors, where when they 'return' an abductee back to their normal environment they give him or her an 'overlap' (of an event just before the abduction takes place), which ensures continuity - so that the person doesn't remember what happened to them. The ETs also know each individual's 'full track' (of this and past lifetime experiences) - just like, seemingly, the Lipika Watchers which record upon the Akashic records that Theosophist H.P. Blavatsky commented on in "The Secret Doctrine" (1888), when she wrote "The Lipi-ka, from the word lipi, "writing", means literally the "Scribes" (these being the four "Immortals" which are mentioned in the 'Atharva Veda' as the "Watchers" or Guardians of the four quarters of the sky). Mystically, these Divine Beings are connected with Karma, the Law of Retribution, for they are the Recorders or Annalists who impress [to us and] on the invisible tablets of the Astral Light (the great picture-gallery of eternity) - a faithful record of every act, and every thought, of man and woman; of all that was, is, or ever will be, in the phenomenal Universe... ". (For an interesting correlation to the latter see "Glimpses of Other Realities Vol 2" pp310); and surprisingly, this learning from our full past-lifetime track of experiences is quite a main feature of the ETs 'Logos'. The ETs, by all accounts, are experts on how the human mind, and the spirit works - and in these fields they cannot be eclipsed.

How... Oh how, we have ignored the spirit on this planet... and fed the dogs of war their bones.

note 37) For the many people in this world who have experienced alien or ufo phenomena, who have approached military establishments (or even government officials and the like of NASA) to ask them "What was this...?", who are still waiting for a satisfactory explanation from these "experts" - my message to those people is; look for and find your answers elsewhere. For if the truth be told the military (regarding the subject of Aliens, UFOs, and ETs) are not in possession of an understanding of the whole truth and are in no shape to do the explaining. Dana Redfield in her book "Summoned" offers an interesting viewpoint, as do Art Bell and Whitley Strieber in their book "The Coming Global Superstorm".

note 38) Although the structure of ET language looks complex, and looks even 3-dimentional, the ET alphabet is surprisingly straight-forward. It's letters basically correspond to the structures of the English alphabet – with either one 90° bend missing or one semicircular curve missing from the letter's shape. For more information on recent discoveries in ET symbol language see "Glimpses of Other Realities - Vol 2" pp195.

note 39) There are several advantages to open-sided waveguides and their applications are numerous according to "Open Electromagnetic Waveguides" by T. Rozzi & M. Mongiardo (1997). Microwave 'lenses' of course, are also open-sided (see sources in note 40).

note 40) Oh yes they do... the idea of making artificial or metallic dielectrics was first announced in 1946, see "Metal-Lens Antennas" by W. E. Kock in Proc. IRE (Nov 1946) vol 34 p828-836; "Path-Length Microwave Lenses" by W. E. Kock in Proc. IRE (Aug 1949) vol 37 p852-855; and "Metallic Delay Lens" by W. E. Kock in Bell System Tech J. (Jan 1948) vol 27 p58-82. Also see "Antennas" by John D. Kraus (1988) ch.14 Lens Antennas p661-691.
With such a technology as this would it indeed be necessary to have any air gap at all at the craft's outer shell. Once the waves are conventionally generated between two conductors inside the craft they would then be propagated actually through the 'metal' skin of the ufo... I would postulate that by using an artificial e-plane dielectric lens you wouldn't need an air gap ! If so that would indeed answer a lot of questions about ufo construction.

note 41) Bob Lazar has indicated that his ufo had a honeycomb structure to it, and so did Betty Luca mention that the ETs used honeycomb structures (see "Andreasson Affiar" by Raymond E. Fowler p43). Also see "Antennas" by John D. Kraus p674. And for microwave technology in general see the excellent "Microwave & Wireless Communications Technology" by Joseph J. Carr (1997).

Speaking of waveguides, a long time ago when Bob Lazar announced to the world the UFO craft he worked on at Area 51, he mentioned that this particular craft had no discernible wiring system to connect together its electronic circuits. What it did have, he said, was a system of glass fibre conduits, and of course when he speculated that electronic signals could be transfered through glass everyone laughed. But now our telecommunication systems use just this very same technology to convey electronic data signals, indeed, the newest development (courtesy of the researchers Chris Schaffer and Eric Mazur of Harvard University) is that waveguides can be burned below the surface of glass, with suitably focused lasers, to form electronic channels and switching points (see the article "Guiding Light" by Ian Sample in "New Scientist" 21 Apr 2001 p21).

[3] NONUNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELDS - by Herbert A Pohl

When a piece of iron jumps toward a magnet, it is responding to a nonuniform field. In approaching the pole faces it travels in a direction of increasing magnetic strength. Placed in a uniform field, no matter how strong, it would not move at all. Much less familiar is an analogous effect of nonuniform electric fields. They too can set matter in motion.

The behaviour of a nonuniform field can best be understood by considering first the simpler case of a uniform field, such as the one between a pair of flat, parallel metal plates that are oppositely charged. A charged body freely suspended between the plates - for example, in a nonconducting liquid - will move parallel to the field, toward the plate bearing the opposite charge. A neutral body, on the other hand, is not impelled in either direction; it stays put.

Even though it appears to ignore the field, however, the neutral body is not completely unaffected. It acquires, in effect, a negative charge on the side facing the positive electrode and a positive charge on the side facing the negative electrode. The reason for this polarization, as it is called, is that the atoms composing the neutral body are made up of separate electric charges - positive nuclei and negative electrons. Under the influence of the outside field the electrons and nuclei are pulled in opposite directions, so that the center of negative charge no longer coincides with the center of positive charge. The amount of separation produced by a given electric force (the 'polarizability') varies widely for different materials, but all are influenced to some degree.

The net effect is an excess of positive charge on one half of the body and an equal excess of negative charge on the other. Therefore the two sides of the gross body are also pulled in opposite directions by the field. Since the charges are equal and the field is the same on both sides, the opposing forces exactly cancel.

If, however, the field is made stronger on one side than the other, the forces are no longer in balance, and the body is pulled in the direction of the stronger field. The effect can be demonstrated with electrodes in the form of a pair of concentric cylinders [see fig.1]. In running from the larger to the smaller electrode the lines of electric force converge. This means that the field grows stronger from the outside in. An uncharged body suspended in the space between is seen to move toward the inner electrode.

Note that it travels the same way no matter which electrode is positive and which is negative ! The polarity of the field makes no difference; the only thing that matters is how its strength varies. Thus an alternating voltage applied to the electrodes produces the same result as a direct voltage. This is because the polarization induced in the body switches with the field. Each half is always charged oppositely to the electrode it faces, and the pull of the inner electrode is always greater than that of the outer one.

The motion of electrically polarized matter in nonuniform fields is called DIELECTROPHORESIS [attraction to the strongest part of electric flux]. Compared to the movement of charged particles (ELECTROPHORESIS) [attraction to opposite polarity electrode], it is a mild effect, which is why it has been so long neglected.

When the central electrode is extremely thin, the field immediately around it reaches very high values. The molecules of the suspending liquid can no longer stand the electrical stress; they break down, becoming charged. In effect the concentrated charge on the wire is diffused over a much larger region in a sort of incipient corona discharge. Particles entering the region acquire a charge themselves and are then pushed away from the electrode rather than attracted toward it. A similar breakdown occurs if the applied voltage is too high. Thus there is a critical minimum for the diameter of the electrode and a critical maximum for the voltage.

In fig. 3 is shown a sketch of the action of a properly placed, sharp-pointed electrode with its strongly divergent field. The field apparently repels the liquid below. In reality, this is but a secondary manifestation of the field effect upon the air in the neighbourhood of the pointed electrode. The air molecules are attracted to the point by dielectrophoretic action, then charged at the electrode and subsequently repelled strongly. The pressure of the 'electric wind' pushes down the liquid below. By slightly changing conditions, as by adjusting the height of the wire, or using a wire loop instead of the point, the liquid may be made to rise to the wire instead of appearing to be repelled.

In fig. 4 is shown a sketch of properly arranged electrodes attracting the liquid [of CCL4, benzene, etc.]. This particular effect is capable of widely varied character. Differing arrangements of the electrodes will cause the liquid to move quietly or vigorously at the same applied voltage. By using a sharply pointed central electrode passing up through the liquid, the motion may be made to pump the liquid.

In figs. 5 and 6 are shown sketches of several arrangements in which liquid is made to leave the main body of the liquid at rather high velocities. Fig. 5 shows the drops leaving the dish and 'hanging' in the air around the electrode. Occasionally the individual drops will remain suspended or circling around the lead-in wire for as long as 15 seconds. It would appear that most of these drops have become charged, hence the effect is a combination of dielectro- and electrophoresis. The voltage applied in this experiment was 11,000 volts DC.

In another experiment, shown diagrammatically in fig. 6, where CCL4 liquid was thrown over four feet up into the air at about 50 cc/sec, the voltage was applied from below by a small Van de Graaf generator. The voltage was approximately 200,000 volts (negative) at the fine wire electrode. The electrical power input, at 20 µA was therefore about 4W. The power expended in the liquid rising at the indicated rate and height is about one joule/sec, indicating the electromechanical 'pump' to be about 20 to 25% efficient.

From: Journal of Applied Physics 22, 869-871(1951); 29, 1182-1188 (1958): Scientific American (Dec 1960) 108-116: Journal Electrochemical Soc. 107,390 (1960).

THE VORTEX

The centrifugal effect in a vortex throws heavy liquid/air out to the perimeter whilst lighter air/ liquid is pushed to the center. Electrically, the air polarized with negative ions or as electrons will be pushed to the center and down, the air with positive ion content will move upward and outward. With mass weights for an electron at 9.109x10^-31 kg. and a positive ion of air at around 2.656x10^-26 kg it can be seen that the negative electron can be only one thirty-thousandth of the positive ion, and of course much more agile.

Similar to how Viktor Schauberger’s aerodynes utilized levitation thrust the ufo-type expulsion energy is a created reaction to the comprehensive densation of the air that is continually being sucked in through the vortex.

But in this case, in the center of the accumulator reactor there are comprehensive constrictive devices in operation that are preventing the highly turbulent implosion cycloid, or vortex, from outflowing. Expulsion cannot occur unless by force. Once it does expulse, when it reaches a certain threshold and the repulsion force takes over, the release would be sudden and very powerful - the highly compressed energy will immediately expand, once it has passed through the hole, or the circumferential duct, into the surrounding atmospheric air to regain it’s normalized state.

The usual hue of the energy around an electro-aerodyne is blue, which of course is the atoms / electrons accelerating and decelerating and then normalizing. The 8Hz (or 8 times per second) beat-frequency that sometimes accompanies the whirling sound some observers have heard around these electro-aerodynes when just hovering may be one of the discharge/recharge time-cycles for that mode of energy-output.

A vortex has centripetal (as well as centrifugal) forces that can compress its ‘fluid’ by as much as 816-fold, creating a powerful implosive suction force. A vortex can be considered as a wave of ever-diminishing amplitude. And as a type of black hole, where energy is drawn in and by extreme compression is polarized electrically, so that particles sucked in split into electron/positron pairs, and where, as according to Hawking’s Theoretical Physics * there is an emission - even from black holes in space - of both positive and neutral charges. Correspondingly, there is at the mouth of a vortex a relative centrifugal force which is positively charged with respect to its central (negative) throat.

Viktor Schauberger, the Austrian physicist, and Patrick Flanagan ("Secrets of the Soil" p99-115), have both found that water when revolved at high revolutions creates a substantial potential-difference in electrical energies in its structure.

According to the research of T.J.J. See in his ‘Wave Theory: Discovery of the Cause of Gravitation’ the molecular structure of air or water (or indeed any fluid) changes quite dramatically at a critical point of inter-atomic-spacing where the ‘normal’ forces of attraction transpose to an opposing force of repulsion...

Between the atoms and molecules that make up liquids and air a balance is maintained where electrons orbit a nucleus of an atom in precisely defined shells. Electron shells of one atom cannot mesh with those of other atoms - if they could the whole world would collapse into a very tiny ball ! Obviously there has to exist an all-powerful mechanism that can dramatically, if needs be, get the atomic and molecular structures ‘out of a tight corner’. So when the inter-atomic spacing between orbit shells is too tightly compressed a ‘repulsion’ occurs to force things back toward normality. As the chart shows, when atoms get to a certain closeness, between d₁ and d₀ they undergo an attraction to eachother - but further compression beyond d₀ is met proportionally with repulsion. If there were a situation where the atomic structures were forced momentarily through a constriction that resulted in an ultra-high compression d_1- then the repulsive forces would be very powerful indeed.

* While this is theorized by Stephen Hawking in "A Brief History of Time", Stephen also postulates a theory that gravity is linked to electrostatics, although I would think, surely, that it is more likely that gravity is a vortical reactive energy, especially as the planets are themselves held in space by vortical motions.

Strangely enough mainstream science has more than anything ignored the vortex, Hermann von Helmholtz back in 1858 wrote a mathematical paper on it called "On The Integrals of Hydrodynamic Equations to Which Vortex Motions Conform". T.J.J.See wrote of stellar vortical movements in his "Wave Theory: Discovery of the Cause of Gravitation" (1943). And more recently researchers have discovered that insects (and birds too I would think) actually fly by creating vortical motions between their wings and the surrounding air. See the articles in "Nature" (19/26 Dec 1996) Vol 384 p626-630: and "New Scientist" (11 Oct 1997) p24-27.

But the vortex has really only been mastered by one man, Viktor Schauberger - and thankfully his wisdom is coming back into the limelight.

Electron Avalanche Mechanisms The process of creating an electron avalanche, or cascade, begins with applying a large electric field to a gas or body of air (at normal temperatures) to knock out of the atoms a few electrons so that they are then accelerated by the electric field. With the extra energy imparted to a few free electrons they will soon impact upon other atoms to knock off more electrons. "These secondary events are sufficient even if there is only a small number of free electrons since these can liberate new electrons after being accelerated by the field. In this way, electron multiplication proceeds in a geometrical progression. Just as a small number of plague microbes can cause a huge epidemic, so a very small number of electrons, produced perhaps by cosmic rays or emitted from a metal surface, can cause ionization of an entire gas and turn it into a plasma." (From "Plasma - The Fourth State of Matter" by D.A. Frank-Kamenetskii (1972) p10).   Electron Cascade Generator The electron cascade effect is the phenomenon of continuous production of electrons - throughout the environment in the air itself. What determines the production of this electron cascade effect, can be explained below by Patrick Flanagan [from his taped lecture on The Electron Field Generator c.1988]... "Number one, we have this phenomenon whereby we found that certain insulators, and some insulators are more effective than others, if we apply a high frequency, high voltage, alternating field across an insulator that we produce this [J.Willard] Gibbs phenomenon, this non-Maxwellian field, which has a differential polarization, that is, that it creates a polarity differential between it and the environment such that neutral and charged air molecules are accelerated at extremely high speed, not very low speed, but at very high speed toward the emitter. As these molecules are accelerated they collide with other molecules in the air and when this collision occurs the electrons are knocked off the molecules, that is, free electrons are knocked off the molecules and they in turn are accelerated by this field and then collide with the other molecules causing a discharge of more electrons and this is the origin of the basis of what we call the electron cascade - we have an entire cascade of electrons being generated everywhere in the environment. Now its true that we have a greater, that is, higher velocity, electrons being generated in the vicinity of the machine, however, so that the air passing through the machine (we have a fan that brings air through the machine, through this emitter device), although the air passing through the machine is exposed to very high concentration of free electrons the machine is also creating free electrons in space around the machine, that is, so that, it is affecting air and purifying air in the environment." (See his US patents 4,391,773 (July 5 1983), and 4,743,275 (May 10 1988) The Electron Field Generator).                 The force of the free electrons is then enhanced by dielectrophoresis and electrophoresis acting in a nonuniform electric field, resulting in the electrons being forced at a high velocity into a small volume surrounding the 'emitter device'. Such a device or configuration can be set up anywhere, on any scale - even inside a liquid providing the liquid is a dielectric. Obviously, before a ufo craft can manipulate an electric field around it's metallic shell it first has to transform the surrounding air in some way or another so as to bring a higher level of energy out from the molecules and atoms of that air. This process of electron avalanching with it's chain-reaction effect, much the same as a nuclear explosion is a chain-reaction effect, is one way of creating a higher level of energy from what is seemingly a 'low energy source'. Another way of 'raising the octane' involves a high frequency oscillating electric field to produce electron spin resonance - the visual effect of which is an emission of light photons of various colours. This hyper-energizing of the air-ambient is essentially just as crucial to ufo propulsion as the actual manipulation of that electrified air by the UFOs.

That the airforce plane detected electromagnetic radio signals oscillating at 2995 Mhz to 3000 Mhz coming from the ufo craft was interesting enough, but the fact that they, as the report verifies, were detected within a 'beat' frequency of 600 Hz has possibly unlocked the most significant piece of information about a UFO's electronic field propulsion. For the meaning behind the beat frequency is that the 'beat' is a result of combining two currents of different frequencies together resulting in a variation in amplitude (causing it to beat). This means that the power signature of the ufo was not coming from one signal but from two... The full significance of this discovery will be gone into in depth through other pages of this website, while right here is a look at that UFO Encounter One report.

Radio Wave Controlled Electric Field Drive System by Mike Competillo       To understand the principle of my radio-wave controlled electric field drive system, lets first review the basic principles of waves and electric fields.     An electric field has the ability to exist with only one pole. All magnetic material exists with two poles. In this way, an electric field is not like a magnetic field. The lines of force of a magnetic field go from north to south in a curved manner. Electric fields will do the same with opposite charges present. In this case, the lines of electric force naturally travel in straight lines from the center of the point from which they originate, outward, no matter what the size (see fig.1 electric lines of force).     Science tells us that if this point were instead a sphere, if you had say 5 Volts dc at the center, inside the sphere, you would still have 5 Volts dc on the surface of the sphere, no matter how large the sphere is. Therefore, voltage emanating from within a sphere is immediately moved to the surface, and does not change in value. This is the Faraday principle. Once the sphere becomes so heavily charged, it will begin to allow ions to run off. If the sphere is smooth enough, it will glow as ions leave the surface. This is called corona. If there is a point, a sharp edge or a protruding side of the sphere, ions will leak off more readily at this point. This is undesirable as it can arc and continually lose power.     Now, when another sphere is placed near the original sphere with like charges, they repel one another (see fig.2 spherical repulsion). Conversely, if a different sphere were oppositely charged, these spheres would be attracted to one another.

Now let's look at radio waves. They are similar to waves in water which are caused by a drip or contact with the water's surface (see fig.3 radiowave). They continue to grow. Now two sources with the exact same frequency would look like this (fig.4 standing wave). I added the slightly flattened circle so that we can begin to see what happens when an electric field is added to the surface of the sphere, when the radio waves are present. As we saw before, electric field lines naturally travel outward in all directions all the way around a sphere. By adding the radio waves that are strong enough, one can group these electric lines of force and steer them around. Remember the electric field lines represent the direction the ions from an electric field will go. There is no advantage to applying a standing wave as we see in this diagram because all sides are equal.

Consider now what happens when one of the radio frequencies varies just a little bit (see fig.5 craft with dual radio waves). All the electric lines still emanate outward from the sphere (shown in the figure as the dark circle), but now they are bent in one direction because of the shift in frequency of that second radio wave. Now instead of all things being equal, the electric field is forced to follow the paths created by the channels of the radio wave's constructive and destructive lines (see fig.6 ionic direction).     Here, we see that if the sphere is say, negatively charged, the ions which emanate from it curve back against the very source from which they came - the sphere. These ions are forced to a close proximity of the surface of the sphere against nature, much like the two spheres of like charge we saw earlier. A natural repulsion will occur.     Now in physics we know that an object which is less massive will be more easily susceptible to movement induced by a more massive object. If I hung a bowling ball from a string and a baseball next to it, from a string I could allow the bowling ball to swing and hit the baseball, and it will cause the baseball to move very easily. However, if I swing the baseball toward the bowling ball, it's not likely to move as much as the other way around. One would naturally conclude from this that the ions off the surface of the sphere are in the air and have very little mass, and so, they would be thrown off, away from the surface of the sphere. Yes, this is what would happen if the radio waves were suddenly not there.     However, radio waves travel at the speed of light and that comes out to about 1000 miles every 1000th of a second! So, a pattern or grid of high tension voltage is created by the radio waves in all directions, having an overall diameter of 2000 miles every 1000th of a second. Think for a second about the old trick of breaking a ruler with a newspaper. You place a newspaper flat on a table and slide a wooden ruler under it all but a few inches. If you take your hand down in a quick karate chop fashion and strike the ruler, it breaks off the end because the newspaper has lots of surface tension or pressure against the air which inhibits its movement.     Earlier I used the word tension and voltage in the same sentence. That's what voltage is; electrical tension or pressure. They all mean the same thing. Radio waves by themselves couldn't cause any movement to occur because there is not enough pressure present in and of themselves. Think of a hose with no fitting on the end and a beachball. Water comes out and squirts onto the ball. It's not very much pressure to move the ball. But stop up the end of the hose a bit with your thumb and, yes you've slowed down the amount of flow, but you've also increased the pressure. Now the beachball easily moves with the increased pressure.

So if this field exists, and it is so huge (2000 miles per thousandth of a second), it is actually less prone to move than the sphere or craft within which one could ride. Since, in this high tension field, the number of cubic inches to 'push off' is enormous, and I would estimate up near a decatillion cubic inches, a fraction of a pound pressure per cubic inch is far more than enough to generate an opposing resistance to push against. This huge field then, or grid, has a great amount of pressure distributed over a large area just like the newspaper analogy - and it resists movement. But the radio wave puts the electric field close enough to the sphere to cause repulsion between the sphere and the grid - causing the sphere to move. After that each fraction of a second, as soon as the craft then moves the slightest bit, a new grid is created and more movement occurs, over and above the initial movement from the preceding one. Therefore, you have an acceleration occurring. Gravity is an acceleration, and so it mimics gravity. Movement occurs as long as you provide enough electric field and radio waves with just the right amount of power and frequency deviation.

Electrokinetic UFO - by Paul E Potter

The GRANGEMOUTH electric ufo - by Paul E Potter

Rose Flying Saucer

UFO Gravity Manipulation

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